1 Translation of San-
2 ghiit works into Per-
3 sian,
4 The remodelling of
5 the revenue system,
6 The old system of
7 revenue collections,
8 The improvements
9 effected by Akber,
10 The survey of lands,
11 The government de-
12 mand,
13 Officers of land reve-
14 nue,
15 146 HISTORY OF THE PANJAB.
16 (Peace be unto you) was abandoned, and for it was substituted “Alla ho
17 Akber” (God is most great), to which the answer was given, “Julli
18 Jalalahw” (May his brightness shine forth). These innovations gave great
19 offence to the Mahomedans.
20 Akber ardently desired the cultivation of knowledge and encouraged
21 every kind of learning. With this view, he established schools at which the
22 Hindus and Mahomedans received education according to their turn of
23 mind and circumstances in life. He specially directed his attention to the ,
24 cultivation of Indian literature. Under his direction Fezi translated from
25 the Shastras, the Vala and Damyant?, an episode of Mahdbhdrata. He
26 also compiled versions of the Bija and Ganita, and Lilawati of Bhaskara
27 Acharya, the well-known Hindu works on algebra and arithmetic. Besides ~
28 Fezi, the Sanskrit translators of his court were Abul Kadir Badaoni, Mullah
29 Shah Muhammad, Nakib Khan, Haji Ibrahim, Sultan Haji, Mullah Shesi
30 and others. Abul Kadir, among other works, translated the Rémdyana and
31 Singhdsan Battisit. The translation of the Mahdébhdérata and the History of
32 Kdshmty were made under the superintendence of Fezi. Haji Ibrahim
33 Sirhindi translated the Atharva Veda, a Hindu work, noted for the difficulty
34 of its style and the abstruseness of its meaning.*
35 At the instance of his distinguished counsellor, Raj& Toodar Mal, the
36 great financier of the age, Akber remodelled the revenue system of his
37 empire. A multitude of cesses that pressed most heavily on industry were
38 abolished. At first the revenue was levied by the viceroys of different pro-
39 vinces, who, wholly ignorant of finance, farmed them out to Hindu bankers,
40 who varied the assessment, and tortured the cultivators at discretion, in
41 order to make up the stipulated sum. From the monies thus collected, the
42 viceroy paid the troops and remitted the balance to the imperial exchequer.
43 Akber changed the system at once, by requiring the viceroys to remit the '
44 revenue to the imperial exchequer, and issuing the pay of the troops from
45 the royal treasury. He caused all the lands, whether in town or country,
46 cultivated or uncultivated, to be measured according toa uniform standard,
47 and with the most perfect survey instruments. The State demand was
48 limited to one-third of the annual produce, and commuted to payments in
49 money. The system was, in fact, a continuation of a plan devised and
50 partially introduced under Sher Shah, the Pathan king ; and Todar Mal, the
51 principal agent in the reform, only strove to re-establish the ancient prin-
52 ciples of native finance. The state demand, in the time of Sher Shah, was
53 fixed at a fourth of the produce. Alber, as already stated, reduced it to one-
54 third, The collectors of Khdlsé lands and the jagirdars realized the revenue
55 (mal) and cesses (727hdt) according to a fixed code of law called the (Dasturul-
56 amal), ‘There were émi/s for the collection of revenue, and they had two
57 subordinates, a karkun (manager) and a khas nawis {accountant).+ The
58 dmil was known by the native name pattel, or chief (like the Mairi in
59 France and the Alcalde in Spain). The patwari of each village was to
60 apportion lands of each description, and the collectors were to remit cash to
61 the treasury under the seal of the patwari. They were to be vigilant to prevent
62 oppression and to treat each individual according to his desert. The pyke
63 was the watchman and head of the police. Besides these essential person-
64 ages, there were the money-changers, who were the silversmiths ; the priest or
65 mullah, who was the schoolmaster; the astrologer, the smith, the carpenter
66 ise see a ee Ee a ee ee ee eee
67 é Fea ci ee obtained a knowledge of Sanskrit not long after the establishment
68 1d Indian works on astronomy, music, astrology, Hindu theology, agriculture,
69 physiognomy, and palmistry, were translated into Arabic during the early peri he Caliphs.
70 kbar Nama, 27th year of the reign, . rly periods of the Cali
71 Sri Satguru J agjit Singh Ji eLibrary NamdhariElibrary@ gmail.com