1 APPENDIX C.
2 NOTES ON SOME PUNJAB TRIBES.
3 (Compiled from the Census Report of the Punjab for 1881, by
4 Mr. Denzil Ibbetsen, I.C.S.)
5 The Ghalckars. — The Ghakkars were probably emigrants from
6 Khorasan who settled in the Punjab about 300 a.d. They are Shiahs
7 by religion, and once ruled over large tracts of the Northern Punjab,
8 and also, according to their own account, over Kashmir and Tibet.
9 At present they are practically confined to the Rawal Pindi, Jehlam,
10 and Hazara districts. They are a sturdy, vigorous race, making
11 good soldiers and the best light cavalry in Upper India. Though
12 reduced by the Sikhs to abject poverty, they still preserve traces
13 of their high origin and breeding. They are proud and self-respecting,
14 but not afraid of hard work. Many now work as coolies on the
15 railways, though they prefer to serve in the army or the police.
16 The Awdns. — The A wans are probably of Rajput origin, though
17 they claim descent from Ati, the son-in-law of the Prophet, but by
18 a wife other than the Prophet's daughter. They settled about
19 1035 a.d. in the Peshawar district, and eventually became possessed
20 of the Salt Range country. Like the Ghakkars, they are a high-
21 spirited and brave race, but indolent, and very poor cultivators.
22 Their manners are frank and pleasing ; but they are a headstrong
23 people, ever ready to quarrel, and family feuds are often kept alive
24 from generation to generation.
25 The Tiwdnas. — The Tiwanas, the handsomest and most picturesque
26 of the Punjab races, are, in all probability, of Rajput origin. There
27 were, according to Sir Lepel Griffin, three important Rajput invasions
28 of the Punjab — the first in prehistoric times, perhaps not later than
29 2500 B.C. ; the second a thousand years after ; and the third from
30 the tenth to the fifteenth century of the Christian era, when many
31 Rajpiit tribes migrated to the province whose descendants are the
32 Jats, Tiwanas, Sials, Kokhars, etc. The Tiwanas are splendid horse-
33 men. After their final subjugation in 1818, Ran jit Singh took fifty