1 Minor land-owning and agricultural castes. 213
2 " of the headmen are personally very engaging, good horsemen, keen sportsmen,
3 " with fi-ank manners and a good presence ; and it is sometimes difficult to
4 '' understand how they should have such a mean side to their character."
5 509. Ghulam (Caste No 130).— These men are returned from the
6 Peshawar district to the number of 3,347 under the name of Ghulam
7 Khiinazad, and from ilultan to the number of 99 to the name of Khanazad
8 simply. The latter may be an error for Khanzadah. The Peshawar men show
9 their clans as Turkhel Ghulam aud Malekhel. They are said to be descendants
10 of captives in war who were made slaves {gkuldm), whence theii- name. They
11 are still chiefly employed in domestic service, and are generally attached to
12 their hereditary masters, though some of them have taken to shop-keeping
13 and other occupations.
14 Since writing the above, which is based upon the information of a highly
15 educated gentleman in our political service, himself a Native of Peshawar, I
16 find that Muhammad Haiyat Khan states in his Kaiydt-i- Afghani that the
17 Qizilbash of Kiibul described below are collectively known as Ghulam-
18 khanah. If so, our Ghulam Khanazads are probably nothing more than
19 Qizilbashcs. But the class described above does exist in Peshawar in consider-
20 able numbers.
21 509a. The Qizilbash (Caste No. 181).— The Qizilbashi are a tribe of
22 Tartar horsemen fi'om the eastern Caucasus, who formed the backbone of
23 the old Persian army and of the force with which Nadir Shah invaded India.
24 IMany of the great Jlughal ministers have been Qizilbash, and notably jMir
25 Jumlah the famous minister of Aurangzeb. They are said to take their
26 name from a red cap of peculiar shape which they wear, which was invented
27 by the founder of the Soj)hi dynasty of Persia, an intolerant Shiah, as the dis-
28 tinguishing mark of that sect, and which his son Shah Tumasp compelled Hu-
29 mayun to wear when a refugee at the Persian Court. There are some 1,200
30 families of Qizilbash in the city of Kabul alone, where they were located by
31 Nadir Shjih, aud still form an important military colony and exercise considera-
32 ble influence in local j)olitics. They are not uncommon throughout Afghanis-
33 tan. Besides the number of Qizilbash returned as such, 66 were entered as
34 Pathans, of whom 4)8 were in Derah Ismail Khan. See also the preceding
35 paragraph under the head Ghulam.
36 ' In the caste table the word is spelt Kizal, but 1 believe Q,itil is correct.