1 72 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAUB.
2 attacked, and his family placed under restraint to
3 enforce payment. The adoption of this mode of
4 chastisement is preferred by the rulers for the
5 additional very satisfactory reason that the fines
6 form a branch of revenue. But it is not the
7 criminal alone who pays. When the innocence of
8 an arraigned individual deprives the judge of a
9 pretext for lodging a heavy impost, he exacts
10 from the prisoner a present of gratitude called
11 shookurana. In civil cases pecuniary contribu-
12 tions are also levied. The plaintiff, if he carries
13 his point, pays the shookurana, and the defendant
14 is mulcted as a punishment for being in the
15 wrong and consuming the judge's time. Mutila-
16 tion is sometimes resorted to — to the extent of
17 cutting off the hands, the nose, or the ears ; but
18 even in respect to this kind of penalty money is
19 found to be efficacious. A tolerable bag full of
20 rupees is often accepted as compensation in full
21 for the retention of a limb or a feature. High-
22 way robbery and burglary are visited by the
23 demand of a sum equivalent to the value of the
24 property taken away; but should opposition be
25 raised by the chief on whom the demand is
26 made, the sirdar, whose subject has suffered,
27 proceeds to retaliate by driving away many
28 head of cattle from the offender's lands.
29 On the discovery of a petty theft, the sufferer
30 has to pay the fourth of the amount he may have